The QUADRICs are all surfaces that can be expressed as a second degree polynomial in x, y and z. We study the Gauss map G of QUADRIC surfaces in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space R^3 with respect to the so called L_1 operator ( Cheng-Yau operator □ ) acting on the smooth functions defined on the surfaces. For any smooth functions f defined on the surfaces, L_f=tr(P_1o hessf), where P_1 is the 1-th Newton transformation associated to the second fundamental form of the surface and hessf denotes the self-adjoint linear operator metrically equivalent to the Hessian of, L_1G=(L_1G_1, L_1G_2, L_1G_3), G=(G_1, G_2, G_3). As a result, we establish the classification theorem that the only QUADRIC surfaces with Gauss map G satisfying L_1G=AG for some 3×3 matrix A are the spheres and flat ones. Furthermore, the spheres are the only compact QUADRIC surfaces with Gauss map G satisfying L_1G=AG for some 3×3 matrix A.

MULTI QUADRIC (MQ) interpolation function is used as a post-processing tool for the refinement of the object coordinates of the tie points obtained by the aerial triangulation (AT) technique. To apply the MQ function, initially a low order polynomial AT is applied to a photogrammetric block consisting of 4 strips and 77 photographs. The trend of the residual vector errors of the ground control points was then modeled by the MQ function. The calculated MQ coefficients were subsequently utilized to refine the ground coordinates for all tie points of the block.The accuracy achieved by the MQ approach is compared with the standard polynomial, independent model and bundle adjustment AT techniques. The evaluated accuracy is based on the uniformly distributed checkpoints whose coordinates were determined by differential GPS receivers. The test results indicate that MQ function gives a marginal improvement of +-0.2; +-0.1 and +-0.2 meter RMSE for the X, Y and Z coordinates of the check points respectively as compared with the polynomial AT method. However, comparing the accuracy figures with the standard independent model and bundle adjustment, noticeable improvements were not observed.Furthermore, the MQ potential for the elimination of the residual systematic errors for tie points due to imperfect interior orientation parameters was also investigated by introducing defective interior orientation parameters during tie data capture stage. The MQ function was then applied again as a post processor for removing the systematic trend. The results show an overall improvement of +-0.80, +-1.08 and +-2.90 meter RMSE for the X, Y and Z coordinates of the tie points respectively. It could be concluded that the MQ interpolation function is an effective trend removal technique if camera interior orientation parameters are not known with the required accuracy. Test results also indicate that the MQ is superior to the polynomial interpolation functions as far as systematic trend removal in aerial triangulation is concerned.

Introduction Ecological services are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems and include four categories of provision, regulatory, cultural, and supportive services. Each of these four categories includes a wide range of ecosystem services. In fact, climate control services include hydrological cycles, water supply and biochemicals, land-based processes and various biological processes. In this regard, to reduce the degradation rate and improve the condition of the Chehl-Chai Watershed in the northeast of Iran, several watershed management measures have been implemented. Materials and Methods The present study has investigated the extent of changes of supporting service (soil aggregate stability), provisioning (crops and fruits production, timber, and biomass production), regulating (control of soil erosion, runoff control, and carbon sequestration), and cultural (Increase of interaction and sustainability of local communities, increase of landscape aesthetics and tourist attraction and increase of knowledge and educational values) as a result of implementation of restoration measures in Chehl-Chai Watershed of Golestan Province. After quantifying the amount of services, prioritization of measures was done using TOPSIS method to identify and propose the most effective management option to improve services in the study area. Results and Discussion The results showed that the effect of watershed management measures on the ecosystem services improvement is not the same for all services, whereas it is highest for the regulating services and decreases towards the provisioning, supporting, and cultural services, respectively. Furthermore, the watershed management measures on improvement of the watershed services of treatment sub-watershed showed a statistically significant difference at the level of 5% (p<0. 05). The results of applying TOPSIS method in the treatment sub-watershed showed that walnut orchards have provided the best effectiveness according to the indicators and criteria considered in the study. In other words, watershed management measures, through increasing the vegetation cover have led to more preciptation absorption, reduction of surface runoff and soil erosion in sloping lands and enhancement of landscape aesthetics as well as improvement of stakeholders participation level, social relationships, and income generation through conducting training and extension programs. Conclusion Among the employed measures, horticultural activities (planting walnut trees) have had the most success and if additional measures are taken and expanded, the success rate can be improved to a more desirable level. The watershed management measures are economically viable and can be implemented by the people. Therefore, in order to optimally manage water and soil resources and make watershed management more effective in improving the services of Chehelchai watershed, horticultural activities intercropped with forage and medicinal plants are recommended. In addition, the criteria, indicators and procedures applied in this study to quantify the effectiveness of watershed measures on ecosystem services can be consulted in developing a methodology or guideline for monitoring and evaluation of watershed management measures.

Short banana fiber reinforced composites have been prepared in laboratory to determine mechanical properties. It has heen observed that as soon as the percentage of the hanana .fiher increases slightly there is a tremendous increase in ultimate tensile strength, %of strain and young modulus of elasticity. Reinforcement of banana fibers in epoxy resin increases stiffness and decreases damping properties of the composites. Therefore, 2.468% banana.fiber reinforced composite plate stabilizes early as compared to 7.7135% bananafiber reinforced composite plate but less stiff as compared to 7.7135% banana fiber reinforced composite plate.

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the problem of solidarity in the context of Iran's MULTI-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the MULTI-ethnic society of Iran has found a problematic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's MULTI-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transnational interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.

MULTI-label classification aims at assigning more than one label to each instance. Many real-world MULTI-label classification tasks are high dimensional, leading to reduced performance of traditional classifiers. Feature selection is a common approach to tackle this issue by choosing prominent features. MULTI-label feature selection is an NP-hard approach, and so far, some swarm intelligence-based strategies and have been proposed to find a near optimal solution within a reasonable time. In this paper, a hybrid intelligence algorithm based on the binary algorithm of particle swarm optimization and a novel local search strategy has been proposed to select a set of prominent features. To this aim, features are divided into two categories based on the extension rate and the relationship between the output and the local search strategy to increase the convergence speed. The first group features have more similarity to class and less similarity to other features, and the second is redundant and less relevant features. Accordingly, a local operator is added to the particle swarm optimization algorithm to reduce redundant features and keep relevant ones among each solution. The aim of this operator leads to enhance the convergence speed of the proposed algorithm compared to other algorithms presented in this field. Evaluation of the proposed solution and the proposed statistical test shows that the proposed approach improves different classification criteria of MULTI-label classification and outperforms other methods in most cases. Also in cases where achieving higher accuracy is more important than time, it is more appropriate to use this method.